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A torque converter is a fluid coupling that is used so as to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, which is an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is similar to a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanized clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a considerable difference between output and input rotational speed.
The most common type of torque converter utilized in automobile transmissions is the fluid coupling type. During the 1920s there was also the Constantinesco or otherwise known as pendulum-based torque converter. There are various mechanical designs used for continuously variable transmissions which can multiply torque. Like for example, the Variomatic is a kind which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling could not multiply torque. Torque converters have an element known as a stator. This changes the drive's characteristics all through times of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
Inside a torque converter, there are at least of three rotating parts: the turbine, in order to drive the load, the impeller which is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the turbine and the impeller so that it could change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Usually, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whichever situation and this is where the word stator originates from. In point of fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
Modifications to the basic three element design have been integrated periodically. These modifications have proven worthy specially in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is needed. More often than not, these modifications have taken the form of various stators and turbines. Each set has been meant to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several instances consist of the Dynaflow which makes use of a five element converter so as to produce the wide range of torque multiplication considered necessary to propel a heavy vehicle.
Various car converters consist of a lock-up clutch so as to lessen heat and to be able to enhance the cruising power and transmission effectiveness, even if it is not strictly part of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses related with fluid drive.
